A Sanctuary of Liberty: Unearthing the History of Fort Mosé

Amidst the narratives of colonial America, a unique chapter unfolds in the history of Fort Mosé, or Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mosé. This fortified settlement, located just north of St. Augustine, Florida, stands as a testament to the resilience and determination of enslaved Africans who sought freedom under Spanish rule. As the first legally sanctioned free Black settlement in what is now the United States, Fort Mosé offers a compelling counter-narrative to the conventional history of slavery in North America.

Spain’s Offer of Asylum: A Haven in Florida

The story of fort Mosé begins in the late 17th century when Spain, seeking to bolster its presence in Florida and weaken British colonies to the north, extended an offer of asylum to enslaved Africans fleeing British territories. This policy, initiated in 1687 and formalized in 1693, stipulated that those seeking refuge must convert to Catholicism and pledge allegiance to the Spanish Crown, contributing to the defense of Florida. This strategic move transformed Florida into a beacon of hope for those escaping the brutal realities of slavery.

This policy was not purely altruistic. Spain needed manpower to defend its territory against British encroachment.By offering freedom and land, they created a loyal and motivated fighting force.The promise of freedom in exchange for military service proved to be a powerful incentive.

Francisco Menéndez: From Enslaved to Commander

one notable figure in the history of Fort Mosé is Francisco Menéndez. Born into the Mandinga ethnicity in Portuguese angola, Menéndez experienced freedom before being captured and forced into slavery in British Carolina. His escape led him to St. Augustine in 1724, where he embraced Catholicism, adopted the Spanish name Francisco Menéndez, and dedicated himself to the service of Spain.

Menéndez quickly rose through the ranks, demonstrating exceptional leadership during the defense of St. Augustine in 1727. His valor and strategic acumen led to his appointment as commander of Fort Mosé upon its construction in 1738.He was more than just a military leader; he was a symbol of hope and resistance for the community of Fort Mosé.

“The Moast Cruel Enemies of the English”: Defending Freedom

The men of Fort Mosé, driven by a desire for vengeance against the injustices of slavery and gratitude towards Spain, pledged unwavering loyalty to the Spanish Crown.Their oath reflected their fierce determination to defend their newfound freedom: the most cruel enemies of the English and spill until their last drop of blood in defense of the crown of Spain and the Santa Fe. This commitment was soon tested when the British launched an attack on Fort Mosé in 1740, briefly capturing the settlement.

The Spanish response was swift and decisive. Governor Manuel Montiano orchestrated a counterattack involving regular troops, Black militia, and Seminole Indians. The element of surprise led to a resounding Spanish victory, halting the British offensive. Even though Fort Mosé was destroyed in the battle, the bravery displayed by the Black militia earned them the governor’s praise and equal rights with Spanish residents of St. Augustine.

Resilience and Relocation: The Fate of Fort Mosé

Despite the victory, misfortune struck Menéndez, who was captured by the British in 1741 and enslaved in the Bahamas. He eventually escaped and returned to St. Augustine. Fort Mosé was rebuilt in 1752, and Menéndez was reappointed as its commander, continuing to serve as a symbol of resistance and freedom.

Though, the political landscape shifted dramatically in 1763 when Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Unwilling to live under British rule, the inhabitants of Fort Mosé, including Menéndez and his family, migrated to Cuba. They settled in Matanzas before eventually moving to Havana, where Menéndez and his militia faded into historical obscurity.

Legacy and Remembrance: A National Historic Landmark

Even though Spain regained control of Florida in 1783, Fort Mosé was never rebuilt. Today, only remnants of the site remain, marked by a small forest. In 1994, the site was designated a National Historic Landmark, ensuring that the story of Fort Mosé and its inhabitants would not be forgotten. Archaeological digs have unearthed artifacts that provide valuable insights into the daily lives of the people who lived there.

Fort Mosé stands as a powerful reminder of the complex history of slavery and freedom in North America. It highlights the agency and resilience of enslaved Africans who actively sought and fought for their liberation. As the first free Black settlement in what is now the United States, Fort Mosé holds a unique and notable place in American history.