Researchers have identified several genetic markers that can significantly elevate a person’s susceptibility to developing blood clots, notably in the legs. The findings highlight the complex interplay between genetics adn lifestyle in the growth of venous thrombosis.

Blood clots in arteries and veins have different causes and consequences.Arterial clots ofen arise from plaque buildup in blood vessels, leading to events like strokes or heart attacks. Venous clots, frequently occurring in the legs, typically result from prolonged blood stagnation, potentially leading to pulmonary embolism if the clot travels to the lungs.

Genetic Factors in Venous Thrombosis

A Swedish study has shed light on the genetic component of venous thromboembolism. “Venous thrombosis is actually one of the most common causes of death in the world. It is a common disease that has always been somewhat overshadowed by arterial blood clots,” says Bengt Zöller, a specialist in general medicine at Skåne University Hospital and professor of general medicine at Lund University.

“Venous thrombosis is in fact one of the most common causes of death in the world.”

The research team at Lund University discovered three gene variants that can increase the risk of blood clots in the leg by up to 180 percent. this finding marks a significant step forward in understanding the genetic predispositions to this condition.

Rising Incidence and Risk Factors

Venous thromboembolism affects over 10,000 individuals annually in Sweden, with numbers on the rise. This increase is attributed to several factors, including an aging population, with 10 percent of 80-year-olds experiencing a blood clot. Additional risk factors include being overweight or tall, as these conditions can impede proper blood flow in the veins.

While arterial clots are linked to high blood pressure, high blood lipids, and smoking, venous clots are more closely associated with obesity and sedentary lifestyles. According to the study, ultra-processed foods may also slightly increase the risk of blood clots, while diets rich in plant-based foods and omega-3 fatty acids may offer some protection.

Situational Risks and Prevention

certain situations,such as long flights,prolonged bed rest,surgery,and pregnancy,can elevate the risk of venous blood clots. In these cases, preventative measures like blood thinners may be recommended, especially for individuals with other risk factors.

The Swedish population exhibits a high prevalence of APC (activated protein C) resistance due to the Factor V Leiden mutation, a common coagulation mutation among Indo-Europeans. “Evolutionarily, bleeding less has been an advantage, but in our modern, sedentary society, APC resistance is becoming a risk factor,” explains Bengt Zöller.

The research by Bengt Zöller and his team, utilizing data from the Malmö Kost Cancer study, identified ABO, F8, and VWF as significant genetic risk factors for venous blood clots. An individual with five of these gene variants has a 180 per cent higher risk of venous thrombosis. “And the more of these variants a person has – the higher the risk. An individual with five of these gene variants has a 180 per cent higher risk of venous thrombosis.Unlike Factor V Leiden, which is only found in Indo-Europeans, these three different mutations are found in between five and fifty per cent of various populations around the globe.”

Future research will focus on how these genetic variants influence the duration of anticoagulant treatment post-blood clot. “I think tailoring treatment based on risk assessment will become increasingly important,” concludes Bengt Zöller.

Preventative Measures

Lifestyle adjustments can significantly reduce the risk of blood clots:

• Movement: Avoid prolonged sitting; take breaks to stand and walk.
• Support stockings: Improve blood flow during long periods of standing or sitting.
• Blood-thinning medicines: May be prescribed prophylactically in high-risk situations.
• Contraceptive pills containing oestrogen: Should be avoided by individuals with a strong family history of venous thromboembolism.
• Lifestyle changes: Quit smoking, adopt a healthier diet, lose weight, and exercise regularly.
• Get vaccinated: Infections can activate the coagulation system.