Heat stroke occurs when the body’s thermoregulation mechanism is overwhelmed, often due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures, excessive humidity, or intense physical activity in hot environments. Unlike sunstroke (or insolation), which is caused by direct solar irradiation on the head, heat stroke can also occur in the shade, in very hot and poorly ventilated environments.

Recent data indicates that during the summer months in Italy,there are an average of five thousand daily visits to first aid for heat-related disorders. This number highlights the significant public health concern posed by extreme heat.

Initial symptoms of heat stroke include weakness, dizziness, nausea, muscle cramps, lowering of blood pressure, headache, and redness of the skin.In severe cases, symptoms progress to dryness of the skin, marked hyperthermia (over 40°C), altered state of consciousness, mental confusion, agitation, convulsions, and potentially coma.

“The classic heat stroke can be defined as an emergency condition,” explains Dr. Mirko di Capua, head of the Humanitas Gavazzeni‘s emergency center, “and when neurological symptoms appear, call 112 immediatly.”

The most vulnerable populations include the elderly, children, those taking medications that interfere with normal thermal regulation, such as diuretics or beta-blockers, individuals with chronic conditions, and those engaging in intense exercise during the hottest part of the day. If heat stroke is suspected, immediately move the person to a cool surroundings, remove excess clothing, apply cool, damp cloths to the forehead and neck, and fan the skin. “The cooling must be speedy but never aggressive,” adds Dr. Di capua, “it’s better to avoid ice-cold showers.”

Preventing heat stroke involves several simple measures: avoid exposure between 11 AM and 4 PM, wear light-colored and loose-fitting clothing, drink fluids frequently, limit alcohol and sugary drinks, use sunscreen, wear a hat and sunglasses, and stay in ventilated or air-conditioned spaces. those without air conditioning can seek refuge in public places like libraries or shopping centers.

For those traveling during the holidays, it’s advisable to prepare a small heat preparedness kit (with fresh water, wipes, sunscreen, and candies or juices to prevent drops in blood sugar), as well as a basic first-aid kit with paracetamol, antipyretics, anti-inflammatories, probiotics, antidiarrheals, prescribed antibiotics,