The Middle East has been transformed by the seismic events set in motion on 7 October 2023, shaking the foundations of the regional order. But what comes next? Is a new balance of power taking shape? Could the path ahead bring fresh opportunities for peace, or does it point toward even greater risks of war?

Two years on, Crisis Group experts took stock of the changes that have reshaped the region and offered insights into where the Middle East may be headed next.