The Dual Threat: Extremism and Development

Archaeological sites of immense historical and cultural importance within the Islamic world are facing unprecedented threats. Professor Insoll, a leading archaeologist specializing in African and Islamic studies, highlights a disturbing trend: the irreversible loss of ancient historical evidence due to both deliberate destruction by extremist groups and the unintended consequences of large-scale construction projects.

this destruction manifests in two primary forms:

• Intentional Vandalism: Extremist groups, particularly in North Africa and the Middle East, have actively targeted and destroyed historical remnants, ofen driven by ideological objections to the veneration of historical sites.
• Development-Induced Loss: Massive construction projects, especially around the holy cities of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia, have resulted in the obliteration of layers of history spanning millennia.

Mecca and Medina: A Case Study in Loss

The expansion of the Grand Mosque in Mecca exemplifies the complex challenges. While authorities justify these projects as necessary to accommodate the millions of pilgrims who visit each year, critics argue that they represent a systematic erasure of historical and religious sites.

Consider the Ka’ba, the holiest site in Islam. For centuries, it was adorned with a curved porch supported by marble pillars dating back to the 8th century, a testament to the Ottoman empire’s influence. In 2014, these pillars were dismantled to make way for expansion. While the need to accommodate growing numbers of pilgrims is undeniable, the loss of such historical artifacts raises serious questions about preservation priorities.

From my personal perspective, there are some incidents where this kind of evidence has been destroyed… But there are still many temples that surround it. I think the destruction that occurs and we can take the big lesson is in Saudi Arabia itself. Especially the big sites of Mecca and Medina. If work is absolutely possible there, we will learn a lot.

Professor Insoll, as quoted by Express.co.uk

The Scale of Destruction: A Staggering Estimate

The Islamic Heritage Research Foundation in London estimates that a staggering 98% of historical and religious sites in Saudi Arabia have been destroyed since 1985.This figure underscores the urgency of the situation and the need for greater awareness and action.

This destruction isn’t limited to architectural marvels. Intricate Arabic calligraphy adorning Ottoman and Abbasid-era pillars in Mecca,bearing the names of Prophet Muhammad’s companions and commemorating significant events,has also been lost. One such pillar was believed to mark the spot from which the Prophet Muhammad began his Night Journey (Isra Mi’raj).

Conflicting Priorities: Preservation vs. Progress

The tension between preserving historical sites and accommodating modern development is a recurring theme. While King Abdullah, in 2013, demonstrated a degree of sensitivity by halting the expansion of the Nabawi Mosque in Medina to protect three of the world’s oldest mosques, current development policies appear to prioritize expansion over preservation.

The situation is further complicated by limited access for both Saudi and foreign archaeologists to these sensitive sites. This lack of access hinders efforts to document and understand the historical significance of these areas before they are irrevocably altered or destroyed.

Both of these sites are very sensitive in some ways. For example in Makkah there is a massive rebuild that certainly destroys archeological records.

Professor Insoll

Understanding Islamic Practice: A key to Preservation

Professor Insoll argues that a deeper understanding of the diverse practices within Islam is crucial for effective preservation. Misinterpretations or narrow interpretations of Islamic principles can sometimes lead to the destruction of historical artifacts deemed to be associated with idol worship. Though,many scholars and practitioners emphasize the importance of preserving historical sites as a means of understanding and appreciating Islamic history and culture.

Looking Ahead: The Imperative for Action

The loss of Islamic archaeological sites represents a significant cultural and historical tragedy. Increased awareness, greater collaboration between archaeologists and developers, and a more nuanced understanding of Islamic heritage are essential to safeguarding these invaluable treasures for future generations. The time to act is now, before more of this rich history is lost forever.