From French assistance to Basque Solidarity: The Genesis of Euzkadi Hospital

Originally established in 1917 as the French Military Hospital, also known as the Hospital French assistance house, the facility located on Ascaso Avenue in Barcelona underwent a significant conversion in 1937. On November 26th, it was officially handed over to the Basque Government and renamed Euzkadi Hospital. Prior to this transition, the hospital’s operations were managed by the health services of the General Workers Union (UGT).

A Center for Thorough Care: Obstetrics, Pediatrics, and Beyond

The hospital was strategically situated in a building already equipped for healthcare, previously housing the hospital services for the French colony. The French Consulate General facilitated its assignment to the Basque Government. Initially starting with a hundred beds, Euzkadi Hospital quickly became a vital resource, particularly renowned for its Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, which expanded to accommodate two hundred beds. Pediatric care was also a central focus, delivered by a multidisciplinary team comprising nurses, social workers, doctors, and teachers. Beyond treating sick children, the hospital also provided supercharging care for children needing nutritional support, involving stays averaging 15 to 20 days.

Inauguration and Key Figures: A testament to International Cooperation

The inauguration ceremony was a significant event, attended by prominent figures representing both France and the Basque Government. M.Boureun, the consul from the Consulate General of France, formally delivered the building and its facilities, accompanied by Robert Vuncent. Representing the Basque Government were Eliodoro de la Torre, Minister of Finance (acting as President), and Manuel de Irujo, Minister of Justice of the Republic, along with his secretary Antonio Horna. Dardalió attended on behalf of the Minister of the Interior and Social Assistance of the Generalitat. Numerous representatives from various departments of the Basque Government were also present, including Taramona, Basterra, garmendia, and others.

gratitude and Humanitarianism: Acknowledging French Support

During the inauguration, Eliodoro de la Torre expressed profound gratitude for the care provided by France to Basque refugees and the offering of the hospital for the sick and injured. He emphasized this act as a demonstration of fraternity and the humanitarian spirit of France.

The attention taken in France with the Basque refugees and the offer of this hospital for the sick or injured, a work of fraternity that exalted the humanitarian feelings of France.

Eliodoro de la Torre

A Haven of Basque Healthcare Amidst Conflict

During the Spanish Civil War, the Euzkadi Hospital in Barcelona emerged as a crucial medical facility, offering specialized care and refuge to those affected by the conflict. Led by the esteemed Dr. josé Indalecio Cincunegui Arri, with assistance from Dr. Imaz of the General Hospital, the hospital distinguished itself by providing comprehensive medical services, with a particular focus on surgical operations and maternity care.

The Basque Medical team: A Commitment to Care

The hospital’s strength lay in its dedicated personnel, predominantly of Basque origin. Fifteen professional nurses, many from the Basque country’s Red Cross, relocated to Barcelona to contribute their expertise. This strong Basque presence fostered a sense of community and cultural identity within the hospital, providing comfort to patients during a time of upheaval.

Prior to their work at Euzkadi Hospital,Dr. Cincunegui and his team, including doctors José Luis Aransolo Bilbao, Preiro, Miguel Iparraguirre, Luis López Abadía, and Musatadi, served at the Hospital of St. Christou. They also extended their care to patients at the Osasuna sanatorium in cambó, an institution dedicated to treating tuberculosis.

Beyond Medical Treatment: A Sanctuary for Children

The euzkadi Hospital’s mission extended beyond treating war-related injuries and illnesses. Recognizing the devastating impact of the conflict on vulnerable populations, the center also welcomed sick children, and also those suffering from malnutrition due to the war’s disruption of food supplies. Nurses and teachers provided dedicated care, ensuring these children received the nourishment and attention they desperately needed.

The hospital’s commitment to holistic care reflects a broader understanding of the war’s impact on society,addressing not only physical ailments but also the emotional and social needs of its patients. This comprehensive approach underscores the Euzkadi Hospital’s significance as a sanctuary during a time of immense hardship.

The Hospital’s Legacy: A Brief but Impactful History

The Euzkadi Hospital remained active until December 1938, ceasing operations shortly before the fall of Barcelona on January 26, 1939.Despite its relatively short lifespan, the hospital left an indelible mark on the city, providing essential medical care and a haven of hope during a period of intense conflict.Its story serves as a testament to the resilience and compassion of the Basque medical community in the face of adversity.

From French Aid to Basque Refuge: A Historical Overview

Originally established as the Maison D’Assistance Française in 1917, the hospital at Plaza de la Fuente Castilana in Barcelona served as a beacon of French medical assistance. Two decades later, in 1937, amidst the chaos of the Spanish Civil War, the French government ceded the hospital to the Basque community, renaming it Euzkadi Hospital. This transition marked a pivotal moment, transforming the institution into a sanctuary for those displaced and injured by the conflict.

Architectural Echoes of a Bygone Era

The hospital’s architecture,characterized by its stone and brick stucco facade,provides a tangible link to its past. A central structure, distinguished by a steeply pitched roof, connected to a more elongated section featuring semi-basement and ground-floor levels. A wrought-iron fence, remnants of which still exist, once separated the grounds from the street, adding to the building’s historical charm. These architectural details offer a glimpse into the aesthetic sensibilities of the early 20th century.

the Founding and Early Years

The cornerstone of the Maison D’Assistance Française was laid on May 28, 1916, in a formal ceremony attended by prominent figures, including the French consul in barcelona and Lucien Poincaré, brother of the French President. The hospital commenced operations the following year,providing much-needed medical care during a period of global upheaval. This early period solidified the hospital’s role as a vital institution within the Barcelona community.

The Civil War and a Humanitarian Crisis

The Spanish Civil War dramatically altered the hospital’s trajectory. In 1937, control was transferred to the Basque government, transforming it into Euzkadi Hospital. However, as reported in a 1939 edition of La Vanguardia, the situation deteriorated rapidly. As Basque healthcare personnel fled to France, the Barcelona City Council stepped in to care for the abandoned patients and soldiers, highlighting the humanitarian crisis that unfolded during the war. This act of intervention underscores the city’s commitment to providing aid during a time of immense suffering.

…the Barcelona City Council took over all the injured patients and soldiers who were abandoned to their fate, when the health care personnel of the Euzkadi hospital passed the border to take refuge in France.
La Vanguardia, February 17, 1939

Legacy and Future Perspectives

The story of the former Maison D’Assistance Française, later Euzkadi Hospital, serves as a poignant reminder of Barcelona’s rich and complex history. From its origins as a French medical outpost to its role as a refuge during the Spanish Civil War, the building has witnessed profound societal shifts. Today, as Barcelona continues to evolve, preserving and understanding such historical landmarks is crucial for maintaining a connection to the past and informing the future. Further research and preservation efforts are essential to ensure that the stories embedded within its walls are not forgotten.

Echoes of Exile: Remembering Basque History in Barcelona

During the tumultuous years of the Spanish Civil War, Barcelona became a sanctuary for Basque refugees. Two prominent locations stand as testaments to this period: the Euzkadi Hospital and the headquarters of the Basque Government in exile. These sites offer a poignant glimpse into a time of displacement and resilience.

The Euzkadi hospital: A Haven Amidst Conflict

Initially serving various functions during the Spanish Civil War, including housing Red Cross and UGT hematology services, the building was eventually designated as the Euzkadi Hospital.This transformation occurred after the French consulate entrusted it to the Basque Government in exile, specifically to care for Basque refugees fleeing the conflict. Its proximity to the Palacete Pla i Ravetllat, the headquarters of the Basque Government in exile established in 1937, further solidified its importance as a center for Basque identity and support.

The Euzkadi Hospital became a symbol of hope and solidarity for Basque refugees during a dark chapter in Spanish history.

From Hospital to Training Center: A Shift in Purpose

Following the end of the Spanish Civil War and the rise of Franco’s regime, the building underwent a significant transformation. Its function as a hospital ceased, and it was repurposed as the José Antonio Girón de Velasco Professional Training School.This marked a distinct shift in its role, reflecting the changing political landscape and priorities of the time.

Barcelona’s Enduring Connection to Basque History

While the physical structures have evolved over time, the historical significance of the Euzkadi Hospital and the Basque Government headquarters remains. They serve as tangible reminders of the Basque experience during the Spanish Civil War and the enduring connection between Barcelona and Basque history. Further research and preservation efforts are crucial to ensure that these stories continue to be told and remembered.

A Sanctuary of Faith Amidst Conflict

During the tumultuous years of the Spanish Civil War, Barcelona witnessed a stark contrast in religious freedom. While public Catholic baptisms were effectively prohibited due to the influence of the National Work Confederation (CNT) on the Catalan clergy throughout most of the city, certain locations offered a haven. Sources suggest that baptisms continued in the chapel of a specific, as-yet-unnamed location, providing a crucial religious outlet for those seeking solace and tradition amidst the chaos.

This clandestine practise highlights the complex dynamics of the era, where deeply held religious beliefs clashed with the prevailing political ideologies. The CNT, a powerful anarchist trade union, exerted considerable influence, creating an environment where public displays of Catholicism were frequently enough suppressed. The chapel, thus, became a symbol of quiet resistance and unwavering faith.

The Basque Government in Exile: A Palace with a view

The Mare de Déu de Montserrat avenue in Barcelona served as a significant location for the Basque government in exile, led by José Antonio Agirre Lekube.Situated just a short distance from the Euzkadi hospital,the government operated from a palace that still stands today,offering stunning panoramic views of the city. This palace served as a beacon of hope and a center of operations for the exiled government, striving to maintain its identity and purpose far from its homeland.

The continued existence of this palace serves as a tangible link to a pivotal moment in history, reminding us of the challenges faced by those who sought refuge and continued to govern in the face of adversity. The Basque government’s presence in Barcelona underscores the city’s role as a sanctuary for those displaced by conflict.

Manuel de Irujo and the Montserrat Avenue Residence

According to texts from the Blog Memòria del Barris, Manuel de Irujo, a socialist member of the Basque Government in exile, played a crucial role in securing a residence for the government’s operations. It is indeed believed that Irujo facilitated the transfer of the property from its owner, Dr. Ramón Plá Armengol, a prominent figure in the Socialist Party of Catalonia.

while he remained in Barcelona, irujo established his private domicile on the farm that leased on the outskirts of the city to Ramón Plá Armengol and Nuria Plá Montseny; the House-Torre number 114 of Montserrat Avenue was also open to all people affected by Basque institutions.
Blog Memòria del Barris

This residence, located at House-Torre number 114 on Montserrat Avenue, became a haven for individuals connected to Basque institutions, offering support and a sense of community during a time of displacement and uncertainty. The generosity of Dr. Plá Armengol and Nuria Plá Montseny in providing this space highlights the solidarity and cooperation that existed between different political and cultural groups during the Civil war.

Healthcare Initiatives of the Basque Government in Exile

Beyond its political activities, the Basque Government in exile also prioritized healthcare, establishing the Euzkadi hospital near its headquarters. This initiative provided essential medical services to Basque refugees and others in need, demonstrating the government’s commitment to the well-being of its people, even in exile.

The establishment of the Euzkadi hospital reflects a broader trend of governments in exile providing essential services to their displaced populations. These efforts were crucial in maintaining morale and ensuring the survival of communities uprooted by conflict. The hospital served not only as a place of healing but also as a symbol of hope and resilience.

Maintaining Healthcare Amidst Conflict and Displacement

The collapse of the North Front during the Spanish Civil War marked a significant turning point, effectively dissolving the Basque Government’s territorial control. despite this loss, the government prioritized the continuation of essential care services for its people. Initially operating from Santander and later Catalonia, the government eventually transitioned into exile in France.Throughout this period of upheaval, providing health help to his displaced population remained a central mission.

Leadership and Sacrifice in the Health Department

Dr. Alfredo espinosa y Oribe was appointed head of the Department of Health on October 7, 1936, by Lehendakari Aguirre. Dr. Espinosa, who previously led the Vizcaya Republican union and served as commissioner of communications at the biscay Board of Vizcaya, faced immense challenges. Tragically, Dr. Alfredo Espinosa, Minister of health of the Basque government, was shot in June 1937 by Franco’s forces while overseeing the evacuation of Basque children. His dedication and sacrifice underscore the commitment to safeguarding the well-being of Basque citizens during wartime. Following Dr. Espinosa’s death, Eliodoro de la Torre, the Minister of finance, assumed obligation for the Health Department, ensuring the continuation of vital healthcare initiatives.

Establishing Healthcare Infrastructure in Times of Crisis

the Basque Health authority rapidly established its initial organizational structure, implementing a series of healthcare measures. these actions, documented in the Official Gazette and the Faculty of Medicine, demonstrate a proactive approach to addressing the health needs of the population.A key initiative was the creation of the red Cross of the Basque Country on November 19, 1936, as officially recognized in the Basque Country Official Gazette number 44, dated November 21, 1936.

The Enduring Legacy of Basque Healthcare

The Basque Government’s commitment to healthcare during the Spanish Civil War and subsequent exile highlights its dedication to its citizens’ well-being, even under the most challenging circumstances. The establishment of healthcare infrastructure and the sacrifices of individuals like Dr. Espinosa serve as a testament to the enduring spirit of the Basque people.

Combating Childhood Diseases: A Focus on Prevention

In a proactive move to safeguard children’s health, particularly against prevalent eruptive diseases and infections within densely populated areas like shelters, a specific protocol was mandated for physicians treating young patients.This initiative, rooted in a historical order, emphasized preventative measures to curb the spread of illness.

The Prophylactic Approach

The directive stipulated the routine application of a 5% glycerinated solution of colloidal silver compounds (such as argirol, colargol, or colargol) into the nose, ears, and eyes of children affected by diseases. This was to be administered two to three times daily. Complementing this, an eucalyptus alcohol embrocation was to be applied to the entire body once or twice a day.This dual approach aimed to provide both localized and systemic protection against infection.

While colloidal silver was used historically, modern medicine approaches infection control with evidence-based practices. Such as, the CDC recommends frequent handwashing and appropriate vaccination schedules to prevent the spread of common childhood illnesses. According to recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO), vaccination programs have significantly reduced the incidence of diseases like measles and polio globally.

Dedicated Pediatric Facilities

Recognizing the unique needs of vulnerable children, the Children’s Health House of Zratamo allocated 60 beds specifically for those suffering from rickets, exhibiting precarious health, or requiring specialized dietary regimes. This allocation highlights a commitment to addressing the nutritional and developmental needs of children during a challenging period.

Healthcare on the Front Lines: Bilbao Civil Hospital’s Response

The bilbao Civil Hospital played a crucial role in addressing the escalating healthcare demands of both civilian and military populations. To meet this need, the hospital organized specialized nursing courses, ensuring a trained workforce capable of handling the influx of patients.

Surgical Evacuation and Care: Dr. Aranguren’s Initiative

Dr. Gonzalo Aranguren spearheaded a significant medical evacuation effort, transferring approximately 1,000 wounded soldiers from Santander to the Roseraie hospital in Ilbarrhz, near Bidart.This facility was transformed into a primarily surgical center, reflecting the fact that roughly 80% of the relocated soldiers required surgical intervention.

The Surgical Team

The core surgical team consisted of Dr. Gonzalo aranguren Sabas, Dr. Ignacio Garaigorta San Vicente, and Dr. Martín Ugalde. Dr. Ángel Aguirreche Goicoechea, head of the Maternity Department, also contributed significantly, performing over fifty surgical procedures.

Health assistance was practically provided until 1940, beginning of the German invasion of Europe.

This dedicated medical assistance continued until the onset of the German invasion of Europe in 1940, marking the end of an era of crucial wartime healthcare provision in the region.The efforts of these medical professionals underscore the resilience and adaptability of healthcare systems in the face of conflict.