Breast Cancer: How Physical Pressure Fuels Growth

A new study led by researchers at Adelaide University and published in Science Advances reveals why some cancers can grow and survive in the body, while others cannot. It turns out that intense mechanical pressure experienced by early cancer cells as they grow cramped in a restricted space can benefit some cancer cells, rather than impede growth, as might be expected. Scientists found that early breast cancer cells used this “squeeze” to their advantage.

How breast cancer cells sense pressure

Lead researcher, Professor Michael Samuel from Adelaide University’s Center for Cancer Biology and the Basil Hetzel Institute, said these breast cancer cells hijack a specific sensor—one that our bodies normally use to perceive touch—and use it to multiply rapidly and help them migrate away from the primary tumor.

“This process leaves a lasting ‘mechanical memory‘ in breast cancer cells, continuing to promote aggressive behavior long after the pressure itself has been relieved,” Professor Samuel said.

“Solid tumors experience intense physical pressure at early stages of the disease, as cancer cells multiply within space-restricted tissues, such as the milk ducts of the breast. Until now, it has been unclear how cancer cells sense this pressure and whether it influences how the disease progresses.

“We tend to think about cancer as a genetic disease, but this work shows that physical forces inside tumors are just as important as cancer-causing genetic changes.”

The PIEZO1 pathway and tumor growth

The researchers found that cancer cells detect pressure through a molecule called PIEZO1, a channel that connects the inside of a cell with the outside environment. When activated by pressure, PIEZO1 allows calcium ions to flow into the cell, triggering a series of signals including the Rho-ROCK pathway—a key regulator of cell movement, shape and growth.

The team showed that brief exposure to mechanical pressure, applied by compressing cancer tissue, was enough to significantly increase tumor growth. In laboratory models of breast cancer, tumors that had been mechanically compressed grew larger and the cancer cells within them divided more rapidly than uncompressed tumors.

Beyond stimulating growth, compression was also found to push cancer cells toward a more aggressive, invasive state through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition. However, when PIEZO1 or the Rho-ROCK pathway had been blocked using appropriate drugs, compression failed to drive cancer aggressiveness, clearly establishing their importance to this process.

Mechanical memory and epigenetic changes

Co-lead author Dr. Sarah Boyle said that one of the most striking findings was that the effects of compression on cancer aggressiveness persisted long after the force itself was removed.

“Even fairly brief periods of pressure can cause mechanical memory by changing how DNA is packaged inside the cell, through chemical modifications to histone proteins,” Dr. Boyle said.

“These modifications, referred to as epigenetic changes, alter how the DNA code is interpreted by the cell, allowing certain genes that drive tumor growth and aggressiveness to be switched on.”

This form of epigenetic mechanical memory provides a molecular explanation for how short-term mechanical forces at the cell level can have long-lasting consequences for how tumors behave.

Implications for prognosis and treatment

Importantly, the study found that PIEZO1 is more abundant in human breast cancers than in normal breast tissue, and that the amount of PIEZO1 varies between patients. High levels of PIEZO1 are associated with poor patient survival, suggesting that the same pressure-sensing mechanism identified in experimental models is likely to be relevant in human cancers.

The findings highlight mechanical pressure as an underappreciated driver of cancer aggressiveness and suggest the PIEZO1-Rho-ROCK pathway is a potential new therapeutic target for use in early intervention.

By disrupting how cancer cells sense and respond to mechanical pressure, future treatments may be able to limit tumor growth and reduce invasiveness, according to the researchers. These findings may also be useful in identifying patients at risk of aggressive breast cancers because of high levels of PIEZO1.

“As cancers are increasingly recognized as mechanically responsive diseasesthis work opens the door to a new area of ‘mechanotherapy’—treatments designed to interfere with the mechanical signals that tumors rely on to grow and spread,” said Professor Samuel.