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Understanding ‘super()’ in Programming

The term “super” appears in different programming languages, each with its own specific usage. In python, `super()` is used to call methods from parent or sibling classes, particularly in the context of inheritance. In Java, `super` and `extends` are related to generics and type safety.

So you want the list to take the type of that object or any of the superclasses of that object.

Let’s explore how “super” functions in both Python and java.

Python’s super()

In Python, `super()` is a built-in function that returns a proxy object that allows you to refer to parent classes [[1]]. It is commonly used in the context of inheritance,especially multiple inheritance,to call methods defined in parent classes. The primary use case is to ensure that initialization and other methods are called in the correct order, following the method resolution order (MRO). The MRO defines the order in which base classes are searched when executing a method.

For example, consider a scenario with multiple inheritance:

class First:
    def __init__(self):
        print("First init")
        super().__init__()

class Second:
    def __init__(self):
        print("Second init")

class Combined(First, Second):
    def __init__(self):
        print("Combined init")
        super().__init__()

In this case,when `Combined()` is instantiated,the `__init__` method of `Combined` is called first. The `super().__init__()` call within `Combined` then invokes the `__init__` method of the `First` class. The `super().__init__()` call within `First` will then invoke the `__init__` method of the `Second` class, as `Second` is next in line according to the MRO [[1]].

Though, there can be complexities in using `super()` correctly, especially when dealing with methods that expect different arguments [[2]]. It’s crucial to understand how arguments are passed and handled in the inheritance hierarchy to avoid unexpected behavior.

Java’s super and extends with Generics

in java, `super` and `extends` are keywords used in the context of generics to define upper and lower bounds for type parameters [[3]]. They are used to ensure type safety when working with collections and other generic types.

• `extends`: Specifies an upper bound for the type parameter. For example, `List` means that the list can hold objects of type `Number` or any of its subclasses (e.g., `Integer`, `Double`).
• `super`: Specifies a lower bound for the type parameter. Such as, `list` means that the list can hold objects of type `Integer` or any of its superclasses (e.g., `Number`, `Object`). This is useful when you want to wriet to a list, ensuring that the objects you add are compatible with the list’s type.

The use of `super` in Java generics allows for more flexible and type-safe code when dealing with inheritance hierarchies.