February 4, 2025
Newfound Fungus Infects and Controls Spiders, Turning Them into “Zombies”
Fungi often go unnoticed in the natural world, but they play a vital role in maintaining the delicate balance of ecosystems. They break down organic matter, form symbiotic relationships with plants and animals, and influence soil structure, among many other functions. Recent research by a team of scientists has uncovered a new species of fungus that manipulates spiders, much like the infamous “zombie-ant fungi” that control ants in tropical rainforests. This discovery not only adds to our understanding of fungal diversity but also highlights the intricate connections between fungi and their hosts.
New Species: Gibellula attenboroughii
Dr. Harry Evans, an Emeritus Fellow at CAB International, led a team of researchers from institutions like the Natural History Museum of Denmark and the Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. The investigation began during the filming of the BBC Winterwatch series in Northern Ireland, where a peculiar fungus was discovered growing on a spider. Using both morphological and molecular evidence, the scientists confirmed that this fungus represented a novel species, which they named Gibellula attenboroughii in honor of Sir David Attenborough.
“[The species is] named after the broadcaster and natural historian Sir David Attenborough, a pioneer of BBC natural history programs, who – in his role as controller of BBC 2 – helped to develop the Natural History Unit,” noted Dr. Evans.
This naming is a fitting tribute to Attenborough’s contributions to natural history programming, which indirectly led to the discovery of the new species.
Gibellula attenboroughii and Spiders
The spider hosting the fungus was identified as Metellina merianae, an orb-weaving cave spider belonging to the family Tetragnathidae. With the help of a local speleologist, the researchers discovered additional specimens of the new species in cave systems across Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Interestingly, the fungus was also found to infect another spider species, Meta menardi, which inhabits different ecological niches within the caves.
All infected spiders were found on the roof or walls of the caves, a behavior that contrasts with their usual preference for hiding spots or webs. The scientists observed that these typically reclusive creatures had migrated to exposed areas before succumbing to the infection.
Connection to Zombie-Ant Fungi
This behavior mirrors what has been observed in ants that are similarly infected by fungi of the genus Ophiocordyceps in Brazil’s Atlantic rainforest. These fungi manipulate their ant hosts to position themselves in locations ideal for spore dispersal, leading to the term “zombie-ant fungi.” This phenomenon has intrigued scientists and the public alike, inspiring various media depictions, including video games and the television series The Last of Us.
Scientists have identified behavioral-changing metabolites, such as dopamine, in cultures of zombie-ant fungi. The discovery of similar behaviors in spiders infected by Gibellula attenboroughii suggests that these fungi may use analogous mechanisms to control their hosts.
Fungal Diversity in the British Isles
The study, published in the journal Fungal Systematics and Evolution, uncovered hidden diversity within the genus Gibellula in the British Isles through extensive historical herbarium records and literature searches. The researchers also found evidence of widespread disease epidemics among spiders in Norfolk and Wales. These findings suggest that fungi like Gibellula attenboroughii may play a significant role in regulating spider populations.
“Their role in spider-population dynamics warrants further study, as do the metabolites they produce which enable them to exploit such a highly specific ecological niche,” noted the researchers.
How Zombie Fungus Controls Spiders
Understanding how these fungi influence spiders is crucial for broader ecological dynamics. If certain fungi control spider numbers, they might indirectly affect other species within the ecosystem. Investigating the metabolites produced by these fungi could also lead to discoveries with practical applications in medicine or industry.
Tribute to Sir David Attenborough
Naming the fungus after Sir David Attenborough serves as a fitting tribute to his lifelong dedication to exploring and sharing the wonders of the natural world. His work has inspired countless individuals, including the scientists involved in this study, to delve into the mysteries of nature. By honoring Sir Attenborough, the researchers emphasize the interconnectedness of scientific discovery and public engagement.
The Importance of Gibellula attenboroughii
The identification of Gibellula attenboroughii opens numerous avenues for future research. Scientists are eager to explore how these fungi manipulate their hosts and what chemical compounds they produce to achieve such precise control. Understanding the role of fungi in regulating spider populations could provide valuable insights into ecosystem stability, a crucial consideration in light of declining biodiversity worldwide.
As biodiversity faces unprecedented threats, studies like this remind us of the importance of preserving ecosystems and the species within them. The study is published in the journal Fungal Systematics and Evolution.
Conclusion
The discovery of Gibellula attenboroughii underscores the importance of continued scientific research into the hidden facets of the natural world. These findings not only deepen our understanding of fungal diversity and their ecological roles but also highlight the potential applications of their metabolites. As we strive to protect and preserve our ecosystems, such research provides invaluable insights and tools.
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